The mass shift online brought on by the COVID-19 pandemic coincided with a boom of so-called "sextortion scams," new data from Statistics Canada suggests.
As authorities aim to educate youth and parents about online sex crimes, experts are calling for more regulation, education and law enforcement.
Sexual extortion, or sextortion, occurs when someone threatens to distribute private, often sexually explicit, material online if the victim doesn't comply with their demands, usually for money.
The crime gained national attention almost a decade ago when 15-year-old Amanda Todd from Port Coquitlam, B.C., died by suicide after posting a video where she used flash cards to describe being tormented by an anonymous cyberbully. It has been watched more than 14 million times.
The trial of her alleged harasser, Dutch national Aydin Coban, began in the B.C. Supreme Court in June.
He pleaded not guilty to extortion, harassment, communication with a young person to commit a sexual offence and possession and distribution of child pornography. He was not charged in relation to Todd's death.
Closing arguments in the case wrapped earlier this week and the jury is now deliberating.
Signy Arnason, associate executive director at the Canadian Centre for Child Protection, said the issue has grown exponentially since Todd took her life in October 2012.
"It’s out of control," she said in an interview.
Police across the country have been issuing warnings to the public about sextortion scams targeting youth.
"Unfortunately, police around the world have tragically seen some of these incidents end in victims taking their own lives," Nova Scotia RCMP Internet Child Exploitation Unit Cpl. Mark Sobieraj said in a news release last week. "We're urging parents and guardians to talk with children about the potential dangers, emphasizing that they can come to you for help."
Statistics Canada data released Tuesday shows police-reported extortion cases in Canada rose by nearly 300 per cent in the last decade, but the crime significantly rose during the pandemic.
Incidents of non-consensual distribution of intimate images involving adult or child victims increased by 194 cases in 2021, representing a nine per cent jump from the year before, and a 52 per cent increase compared with the previous five-year average.
“These concerning increases are being facilitated by social media platforms and other electronic services providers," said the Canadian Centre for Child Protection's executive director, Lianna McDonald, in a news release. "It should be a wake-up call."
Cybertip.ca, a national tip line for reporting online child sexual abuse, said it has received "an unprecedented volume of reports from youth and sometimes their concerned parents about falling prey to aggressive sextortion tactics," amounting to about 300 online extortion cases a month.
Wayne MacKay, a professor emeritus of law at Dalhousie University, said the increase could be partly explained by awareness and better policing of cybercrime, but noted research also suggests that online child sexual abuse often goes unreported.
A review of the 322 sextortion cases Cybertip.ca received in July found that when gender was known, 92 per cent of them involved boys or young men.
"The review also showed an emerging tactic where the victim is sent nude images of children from the person behind the fake account. The offender will then threaten to report the victim to police, claiming they are in possession of child sexual abuse material. Demands for money immediately follow," the child protection centre said in a news release this week.
David Fraser, an internet and privacy lawyer with the Canadian law firm McInnes Cooper in Halifax, said a main reason some youth may not come forward is they believe they could be charged with child pornography of their own image. He said this is a wide misconception, sometimes even among law enforcement.
"We need to be very careful about the messaging we send to young people, just to make sure that there are safe places that they can go to and get support before things escalate," Fraser said.
He cited a 2001 Supreme Court of Canada decision that established a "personal use" exception to the child pornography provisions. It said young people have a right to create intimate images of themselves as long as they don't depict illegal sexual activity, are held only for private use, and were created with the consent of the people in the image.
Fraser would like to see more police resources and education around the issue.
"I have generally seen across the board a lack of skill and competence on the part of police to take existing laws and translate them into the online context," he said.
"Extortion is extortion whether you're extorting somebody by threatening to disclose nude pictures that you have extorted them to provide, or whether you're extorting somebody through other forms of more conventional blackmail."
Molly Reynolds, a lawyer with Torys LLP in Toronto, said her civil caseload on sexual extortion has increased significantly.
“The demand is huge. It is at least a 10-year-old crisis, and we are just beginning to understand it more broadly across Canada," she said. "There are still a lot of people who really don't get police attention when they do report this criminal conduct."
She said civil court tends to be a better option for adult victims who know their perpetrator.
"You're more likely to see a law enforcement response if it can fall into the child pornography offences, and not just the non-consensual distribution offences or voyeurism ones," she said.
"(Children) are, in some ways, better served through the criminal procedure, whereas adults, I think, are more often having to turn to the civil procedures."
Darren Laur, chief training officer at White Hatter, an internet safety and digital literacy education company, said the law has not kept up with technological advancements.
He said so-called deep fakes, in which an existing image or video is used to create fake but believable video footage, will create new challenges because extortionists will no longer need to coerce a person to perform explicit acts.
“The reality is people are going to use the goodness of technology and sometimes weaponize it. That's the problem with deep fakes. I perceive that deep fakes are going to be weaponized, especially when it comes to tech-facilitated sexual abuse," said Laur, who is a retired Victoria police sergeant.
Reynolds agreed but said she doesn't think the law will ever be able to "keep up with technology and the harms it can create."
"There is a really big role, I think, for the courts to interpret what we already have, and allow it to evolve just as the technological risks evolve. We need to be able to make it easier for people to get these cases to court, whether criminal or civil, and to test the boundaries," she said.
McDonald, with the Canadian Centre for Child Protection, has begun calling for more regulation of social media companies, including Snapchat and Instagram, where the organization has found most of the harm to children occurs.
"This is an ongoing problem that is getting worse, and so it really does beg the question about what are these companies doing to keep children safe? It is incredulous that social media platforms allow total adult strangers to directly reach out and target our children without any consequence," she said in a news release Thursday.
Laur said he has been calling for years for the creation of an online regulatory agency, like Australia's eSafety Commissioner.
"They basically have the blueprint on how to do this," he said. "We need something similar here in our country."
The Department of Canadian Heritage said in a statement the federal government "is currently developing an approach to address harmful content online, which includes the potential creation of a regulatory body."
As part of this process, it said Heritage Minister Pablo Rodriguez is "currently conducting roundtables across Canada to hear from victims of online harm, including children and youth."
This report by The Canadian Press was first published Aug. 6, 2022.
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